Cognitive Science Program

Estimators of fruit abundance of tropical trees (1992)
Colin A Chapman, Lauren J Chapman, Richard Wangham, Kevin Hunt, Daniel Gebo and Leah Gardner
Biotropica, 527-531

Abstract

Many types of biological studies require the estimation of food abundance in tropical forests, and a variety of methods have been used to estimate this parameter. Here we compare the accuracy and precision of three methods for estimating the fruit abundance (biomass and number) of tropical tree species: tree diameter, crown volume, and visual estimation. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was the most consistently accurate method and exhibited low levels of interobserver variability. Generally, crown volume was neither precise nor accurate. The visual estimation method was accurate for trees with very large fruit, but exhibited high interobserver variability

Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. I. Antifeedants (1998)
Richard W Wrangham, Nancy Lou Conklin-Brittain and Kevin D Hunt
International Journal of Primatology, 19 (6), 949-970

Abstract

In order to understand dietary differentiation among frugivorous primates with simple stomachs, we present the first comparison of plant diets between chimpanzees and cercopithecine monkeys that controls for food abundance. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that monkeys have a more diverse diet as a result of their dietary tolerance for chemical antifeedants. Our study species are chimpanzees, blue monkeys, redtail monkeys, and gray-cheeked mangabeys living in overlapping ranges in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We indexed food abundance by the percentage of trees having ripe fruit within the range of each group; it varied widely during the year. Chimpanzees spent almost 3 times as much of their feeding time eating ripe fruits as the monkeys did and confined their diets almost exclusively to ripe fruits when they were abundant. Monkeys maintained a diverse diet at all times. When ripe …

Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale (2003)
Toshisada Nishida, Nadia Corp, Miya Hamai, Toshikazu Hasegawa, Mariko Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa, Kazuhiko Hosaka ...
American Journal of Primatology: Official Journal of the American Society of Primatologists, 59 (3), 99-121

Abstract

Demography provides critical data to increase our understanding of the evolution, ecology, and conservation of primate populations. The chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, have been studied for more than 34 yr on the basis of individual identification and standardized attendance records. From this long‐term study, we derived the following demographic data: The major cause of death was disease (48%), followed by senescence (24%) and within‐species aggression (16%). Fifty percent of Mahale chimpanzees died before weaning. The median ages of female life history variables were: first maximal swelling, 10.0 yr (n=5); emigration, 11.0 yr (n=11); and first birth, 13.1 yr (n=5). The median period of adolescent infertility was 2.8 yr (n=4) when calculated from the age at immigration to that at first birth. Female fecundity was highest between 20 and 35 yr of age, with an annual birth rate of …

Positional behavior of Pan troglodytes in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania (1992)
Kevin D Hunt
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87 (1), 83-105

Abstract

The positional behavior of habituated adult chimpanzees and baboons was observed for 784 hr in a year‐long study. Comparisons between species were made to establish the distinctiveness of chimpanzee positional behavior and habitat use. Brachiation (sensu stricto, i.e., hand‐over‐hand suspensory locomotion) was observed in low frequencies among chimpanzees, and its significance for chimpanzee anatomy is judged slight. Although no significant differences were found between sympatric baboons and chimpanzees in the proportion of time spent in the terminal branches, or in the mean diameter of weight‐bearing strata, chimpanzees exhibited evidence of a terminal branch adaptation in that they, unlike baboons, used postures among smaller supporting strata different from those used among larger supports. Among chimpanzees, unimanual arm‐hanging was most common among the smallest strata …

Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes (1996)
Kevin D Hunt, John GH Cant, Daniel L Gebo, Michael D Rose, Suzanne E Walker and Dionisios Youlatos
Primates, 37 (4), 363-387

Abstract

As quantitative studies on primate positional behavior accumulate the lack of a standard positional mode terminology is becoming an increasingly serious deficiency. Inconsistent use of traditional terms and inappropriate conflation of mode categories hamper interspecific and interobserver comparisons. Some workers use common terms without definition, allowing at least the possibility of misunderstanding. Other researchers coin neologisms tailored to their study species and not clearly enough defined to allow application to other species. Such neologisms may overlap, may completely encompass, or may conflate previously defined labels. The result is, at best, the proliferation of synonyms and, at worst, the creation of confusion where clarity had existed. Historical precedents have sometimes resulted in “catch-all” terms that conflate any number of kinematically different behaviors (e.g. “brachiation …

The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology (1994)
Kevin D Hunt
Journal of human evolution, 26 (3), 183-202

Abstract

Contexts that elicit bipedalism in extant apes may provide evidence of the selective pressures that led to hominid bipedalism. Bipedalism was observed most commonly among chimpanzees when they fed on the small fruits of diminutive, open-forest trees. Chimpanzees fed bipedally from such trees either by reaching up to pick fruit while standing on the ground, or from within the tree, in which case bipedalism was frequently stabilized by grasping an overhead branch. The food-gathering function of chimpanzee bipedalism suggests that hominid bipedalism may have evolved in conjunction with arm-hanging as a specialized feeding adaptation that allowed for efficient harvesting of fruits among open-forest or woodland trees. Such evidence is particularly valuable when it is in accord with fossil anatomy. Australopithecus afarensis has features of the hand, shoulder and torso that have been related to arm-hanging in …

Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance. II. Macronutrients (1998)
Nancy Lou Conklin-Brittain, Richard W Wrangham and Kevin D Hunt
International Journal of Primatology, 19 (6), 971-998

Abstract

In a continuation of our study of dietary differentiation among frugivorous primates with simple stomachs, we present the first comparison of differences in dietary macronutrient content between chimpanzees and cercopithecine monkeys. Previously we have shown that chimpanzee and monkey diets differ markedly in plant part and species content. We now examine whether this diet diversity is reflected in markedly different dietary macronutrient levels or the different feeding strategies yield the same macronutrient levels in their diets. For each primate group we calculated the total weighted mean dietary content of 4 macronutrients: crude lipid (lipid), crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). We also calculated 4 fiber fractions: neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), which includes the subfractions hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (Cs), and sulfuric acid …

The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees (1991)
RW Wrangham, NL Conklin, CA Chapman and KD Hunt
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 334 (1270), 171-178

Abstract

Four categories of plant food dominated the diet of chimpanzees in Kibale Forest, Uganda: non-fig tree fruits, fig tree fruits, herbaceous piths and terrestrial leaves. Fruit abundance varied unpredictably, more among non-figs than figs. Pith intake was correlated negatively with fruit abundance and positively with rainfall, whereas leaf intake was not influenced by fruit abundance. Piths typically have low sugar and protein levels. Com pared with fruits and leaves they are consistently high in hemicellulose and cellulose, which are insoluble fibres partly digestible by chimpanzees. Flerbaceous piths appear to be a vital resource for African forest apes, offering an alternative energy supply when fruits are scarce.

Gradual change in human tooth size in the late Pleistocene and post‐Pleistocene (1987)
C Loring Brace, Karen R Rosenberg and Kevin D Hunt
Evolution, 41 (4), 705-720

Abstract

Starting with the onset of the last glaciation approximately 100,000 years ago and continuing to the end of the Late Pleistocene approximately 10,000 years ago, human tooth size began to reduce at a rate of 1% every 2,000 years. Both the mesial‐distal and the buccal‐lingual dimensions of mandibular and maxillary teeth were undergoing the same rate of reduction. From the beginning of the Post‐Pleistocene until the present, the overall rate of dental reduction doubled, becoming approximately 1% per thousand years. Buccal‐lingual dimensions are now reducing twice as fast as mesial‐distal dimensions, and maxillary teeth are reducing at an even more rapid rate than mandibular teeth. Late Pleistocene rates are comparable in Europe and the Middle East. The Post‐Pleistocene rates are also the same for Europe, the Middle East, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. It is suggested that the cookery at the beginning …

What big teeth you had grandma! Human tooth size, past and present (1991)
C Loring Brace
Advances in dental anthropology, 33-57

Abstract

CiNii 国立情報学研究所 学術情報ナビゲータ[サイニィ]. メニュー 検索 …

Positional behavior in the Hominoidea (1991)
Kevin D Hunt
International Journal of Primatology, 12 (2), 95-118

Abstract

Quantitative studies on the positional behavior of members of the Hominoidea are compared in order (1) to identify consistencies across the superfamily, (2) to contrast ape positional behavior with that of Old World monkeys (forest-livingPapio anubis were chosen for study to reduce body size effects), and (3) to identify distinctive behaviors in each of the ape taxa. Differences in the way behaviors were sampled in the various studies necessitated considering posture and locomotion separately. Unimanual arm-hanging and vertical climbing were the most distinctive shared postural and locomotor modes among the apes (the gorilla excepted), constituting ≥5.0% and ≥4.9% of all behavior in each species. Arm-hanging and brachiation (sensu stricto) frequencies were the highest by far in hylobatids. Hand-foot hanging, bipedal posture, and clambering, an orthograde suspensory locomotion assisted by the …

A nonracial craniofacial perspective on human variation: A (ustralia) to Z (uni) (1990)
C Loring Brace and Kevin D Hunt
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 82 (3), 341-360

Abstract

Dental and craniofacial measurements were collected for 57 samples from Asia, the Pacific, the aboriginal western hemisphere, and Europe. The craniofacial dimensions include many that are not obviously under the control of specific selective forces. Similar configurations for these in different samples should yield indications of recency of common ancestry according to the logic expressed by Darwin and evident in the relationships indicated by nuclear DNA comparisons. Dental dimensions, however, vary according to the length of time that different intensities in selective forces have been in operation. The craniofacial measurements were transformed into C scores and used to generate Euclidean distance dendrograms. When all the material was used to generate a single dendrogram, the European and Amerindian samples sorted into two regionally identifiable clusters, and the Asian and Pacific material sorted …

Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior (1991)
Kevin D Hunt
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86 (4), 521-536

Abstract

Mechanical hypotheses concerning the function of chimpanzee anatomical specializations are examined in light of recent positional behavior data. Arm‐hanging was the only common chimpanzee positional behavior that required full abduction of the humerus, and vertical climbing was the only distinctive chimpanzee positional behavior that required forceful retraction of the humerus and flexion of the elbow. Some elements of the chimpanzee anatomy, including an abductible humerus, a broad thorax, a cone‐shaped torso, and a long, narrow scapula, are hypothesized to be a coadapted functional complex that reduces muscle action and structural fatigue during arm‐hanging. Large muscles that retract the humerus (latissimus dorsi and probably sternocostal pectoralis major and posterior deltoid) and flex the elbow (biceps brachii, probably brachialis and brachioradialis) are argued to be adaptations to vertical …

Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal and Semliki wildlife reserve, Uganda (2002)
KEVIN D Hunt and WILLIAM C McGrew
Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos, 35-51

Abstract

Scenarios of ape—human divergence have often represented hominins as savanna-adapted (eg Dart 1959; Robinson 1972; Coppens 1988; Wheeler 1992), whereas the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) has been represented as rainforestadapted. This dichotomy has eroded from both sides of the divide. Kano (1972) and McGrew et al.(1981) noted that the longest-studied chimpanzees, those at Gombe and Mahale, live in a grassland—woodland—forest mosaic, not tropical forest, and that other populations range into even drier, more open habitats (see the “savanna ape model'in Moore 1996). The habitats of the earliest hominins were at least partly forested (Bonnefille 1984; WoldeGabriel et al. 1994, 2001). A less severely drawn contrast between ape and hominin habitats now seems a better fit with the evidence:

The value of figs to chimpanzees (1993)
RW Wrangham, NL Conklin, G Etot, J Obua, KD Hunt, MD Hauser ...
International Journal of Primatology, 14 (2), 243-256

Abstract

Nine Ugandan figs have consistent differences in nutrient concentration between the pulp and seed fractions. Pulp has more water-soluble carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, calories, and ash, while the seed fraction has more condensed tannins, lipids, and fiber. Because species differ, nutrient concentration in pulp could not be predicted from analysis of whole figs. Chimpanzees in Kibale Forest relied heavily on figs throughout 29 months, feeding relatively intensely at large trees. Fig size varied between species, between individuals of the same species, and between fruiting cycles of the same tree. Larger figs had higher water concentrations but still led to higher rates of nutrient intake per minute for chimpanzees, monkeys, and hornbills. Chimpanzees ate more than 40 cal/min, excluding calories derived from insoluble fiber, when harvesting large figs.